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List of References for Impacts and Response to Non-avian Oiled Wildlife
The National Plan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil and other Noxious and Hazardous Substances
This list is not intended to be exhaustive, and listing of any particular reference does not imply any National Plan endorsement or view on the contents. Users of this list are encouraged to do further research and consult local experts in developing contingency plans and response strategies for non-avian oiled wildlife.
This list will be updated from time to time. Additional suggestions are welcome, please contact us.
Marine Mammals
Anderson, P.K. (1981) The behavior of the dugong (Dugong dugon) in relation to conservation and management. Bull. mar. Sci. 31 (1981), pp. 640–647.
Anderson, P.K. (1992) Studies of Dugongs at Shark Bay, Western Australia. II. Surface and Subsurface Observations Aust. Wildl. Res., 9, 85-99.
Baker, A N (1983) Whales and Dolphins of New Zealand and Australia: An Identification Guide, Victoria University Press, Wellington.
Bryden, M., Marsh, H., Shaughnessy, P. (1998) Dugongs, whales, dolphins and seals: a guide to the sea mammals of Australasia, 176p. Allen & Unwin Publishing.
Bodkin, J.L., B.E. Ballachey, T.A. Dean, A.K. Fukuyama, S.C. Jewett, L. Mcdonald, D.H. Monson, C.E. O’clair, And G.R. Vanblaricom. (2002). Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 241:237-253.
Bowyer, R.T., G.M. Blundell, M. Ben-David, S.C. Jewett, T.A. Dean, And L.K. Duffy. (2003). Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on river otters: injury and recovery of a sentinel species. Wildlife Monographs 153 (Suppl. to Journal of Wildlife Management 67).
Costa, D. P. and Kooyman, G. L. (1982) Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60 (11): 2761-2767.
Davis, R. W. (1990) Advances in rehabilitating oiled sea otters: the Valdez experience. Wildlife Journal, 13 (3): 30-41.
Engelhardt, F. R. (1983) Petroleum effects on marine mammals. Aquatic Toxicology, 4: 199-217.
Etkin D.S (1997) The Impact of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals, OSIR Report 13 March 1997 Special Report.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Committee: webpage: Mammals injured by the spill. Viewed 8/11/2007.
Geraci J.R and St.Aubins D.J. (1990) Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks, Academic Press.
Gales, N. J. and St.Aubin, D. J. (1995) The effects of oil contamination and rehabilitation on other fur-bearing marine mammals, p. 197-212 in T. M. Williams, R. W. Davis (ed.), Emergency Care and Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters: A Guide for Oil Spills Involving Fur-Bearing Marine Mammals, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.
Haulena, M. And Heath, R.B. (2001). Marine mammal anesthesia. In Marine mammal medicine, L.A. Dieraufand M.D. Gulland (eds) 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 655-688.
Heinsohn, G.E., Marsh, H. and Spain, A.V. (1976) Extreme Risk of Mortality to Dugongs (Mammalia: Sirenia) from Netting Operations. Australian Wildlife Research 3(2):117 - 121.
Hurst, R. J. and Oritsland, N. A. (1982) Polar bear thermoregulation: effect of oil on the insulative properties of fur. Journal of Thermal Biology, 7 (4): 201-208.
Hurst, R. J., Watts, P. D. and Oritsland, N. A. (1991) Metabolic compensation in oil-exposed polar bears. Journal of Thermal Biology, 16 (1): 53-56.
Jayko, K., Reed, M. and Bowles, A. (1990) Simulation of interactions between migrating whales and potential oil spills. Environmental Pollution, 63 (2): 97-127.
Marsh, H. and Anderson, P.K. (1983) Probable susceptibility of dugongs to capture stress. Biol. Conserv. 25:1–3.
Monson, D. H., D. F. Doak, B. E. Ballachey, A. Johnson, and J. L. Bodkin (2000). Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(12):6562–6597.
Neff J. M. and Anderson J.W. (1981) Response of Marine Animals to Petroleum and Specific Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Applied Science, London.
Oritsland, N. A., Engelhardt, F. R., Juck, F. A., Hurst, R. J. and Watts, P. D. (1981) Effect of crude oil on polar bears, p. 1-268 in Environmental Studies 24. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Peterson, C.H., and L. Holland-Bartels (2002). Chronic impacts of oil pollution in the sea: risks to vertebrate predators. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 241:235-236.
Rebar, A.H.., Lipscomb, T.P., Harris, R.K., and B.E. Ballachey. (1995). Clinical and clinical laboratory correlates in sea otters dying unexpectedly in rehabilitation centers following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Veterinary Pathology 32, 346-350.
Salazar, S. (2002) Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on sea lion ( Zalophus wollebaeki) populations. In Lougheed, L.W., G.J. Edgar and H.L. Snell (eds) Biological Impacts of the Jessica Oil Spill on the Galápagos Environment: Final Report v.1.10. [
PDF: naKb]. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador. pp34-41.
Smith, T. G., Geraci, J. R., and St.Aubin, D. J. (1983) Reaction of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, to a controlled oil spill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40 (9): 1522-1525.
Vanblaricom, G., and R.J. Jameson. (1982). Lumber spill in central California waters: implications for oil spills and sea otters. Science 215: 1503 -1505.
Williams, T.M., Mcbain, J.F., Tuomi, P.A., and R.K. Wilson.(1995). Initial clinical evaluation, emergency treatments, and assessment of oil exposure. In Williams, T.M. and Davis R.W. (Eds) Emergency care and rehabilitation of oiled sea otters: a guide for oil spills involving fur-bearing marine mammals. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, pp. 45-57.
Hartung, 1995. Hartung, R., 1995. Assessment of the potential for long-term toxicological effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on birds and mammals. In: Third Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Atlanta, GA, ASTM Spec Tech Publ 1219, pp. 693–725.
US Fisheries and Wildlife Service – Manatee, sea otter, polar bear and walrus spill response plans.
Turtles
Lutcavage, M. E., Lutz, P. L., Bossart, G. D., Hudson, D. M. (1995) Physiologic and clinicopathologic effects of crude oil on loggerhead sea turtles. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28 (4).
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration – Oil and Sea Turtles: Biology, Planning, and Response. [ PDF: naKb]
Vargo, S. L., Lutz, P. L., Odell, D. K., Van Vleet, E. S. and Bossart, G. D. (1986) Effects of oil on marine turtles. MMS 86-0070. Minerals Management Service, Washington, DC.
Witham, R. (1978) Does a problem exist relative to small sea turtles and oil spills?, p.630-632 in Conference on Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills, American Institute of Biological Sciences.
Hall et al., 1983. R.J. Hall, A.A. Belisle and L. Sileo, Residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in tissue of sea turtles exposed to the Ixtoc I oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Deseases 19 (1983), pp. 106–109.
Vargo et al., 1986. Vargo, S., Lutz, P., Odell, D., Vleet, E. V., Bossart, G., 1986. Study of the effects of oil on marine turtles. Florida Institute of Oceanography. Final Report- U.S. Department of the Interior, MMS 86-0070.
Fish
Al-Hassan, J. M., Afzal, M., Rao, C. V. N. and Fayad. S. (2000) Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 65 (3): 391-398.
Al-Hassan, J. M., Afzal, M., Rao, C. V. N. and Fayad. S. (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in edible fish from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70 (6): 205-212.
Coates, P. (1998) The Sea Empress oil spill and its effects on the fishermen and fisheries of South West Wales. In Edwards, R., Sime, H. (eds.) The Sea Empress oil spill. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Cardiff, 11-13 February 1998. The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. Terence Dalton Publishers, 507 pp.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Committee wepage: Fish injured by the Spill.
Law, R.J., Thain, J.E., Kirby, M.F., Allen, Y.T., Lyons, B.P., Kelly, C.A., Haworth, S., Dyrynda, E.A., Dyrynda, P.E.J., Harvey, J.S., Page, S., Nicholson, M.D., Leonard, D.R.P. (1998) The impact of the Sea Empress oil spill on fish and shellfish. In Edwards, R., Sime, H. (eds.). The Sea Empress oil spill. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Cardiff, 11-13 February 1998. The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. Terence Dalton Publishers, 507 pp.
Milner, N., Wyatt, R., Jones, F., Roberts, D., Varallo, P., Milne, R. (1998) Effects of the Sea Empress oil spill on salmon and sea trout fisheries of South West Wales. In Edwards, R., Sime, H. (eds.). The Sea Empress oil spill. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Cardiff, 11-13 February 1998. The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. Terence Dalton Publishers, 507 pp.
Rice S.D., R.E. Thomas, R.A. Heintz, A.C. Wertheimer, M.L. Murphy, M.G. Carls, J.W. Short, And A. Moles (2001). Impacts to pink salmon following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Persistence, toxicity, sensitivity, and controversy. Rev. Fish. Sci. 9: 165-211.
Sol, S.Y., Johnson, L.L., Horness, B.H., Collier, T.K. (2000) Relationship Between Oil Exposure and Reproductive Parameters in Fish Collected Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(12):1139-1147.
Invertebrates
Al-Hassan, J. M., Afzal, M., Rao, C. V. N., and Fayad. S. (2000) Time-related increase of hydrocarbons in barnacles in the north-western waters of the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 65: 646-653.
Anderson, J. W., Kiesser, S. L. and Blaylock, J. W. (1980) The cumulative effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine crustaceans during constant exposure. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 179: 62-70.
Atema, J. (1977) The effects of oil on lobsters. Oceanus, 20 (4): 67-73.
Axiax, V. and Saliba, L. J. (1981) Effects of surface and sunken crude oil on the behaviour of a sea urchin. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 12 (1): 14-19.
Bak, R. P. M. (1987) Effects of chronic oil pollution on a Caribbean coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18 (10): 534-539.
Bak, R. P. M. and Elgershuizen, J. H. B. W. (1976) Patterns of oil-sediment rejection in corals. Marine Biology, 37 (2): 105-113.
Gelin, A., Gravez, V. and Edgar, G. (2002) Impact of the Jessica Oil Spill on Intertidal Invertebrate Communities. In Lougheed, L.W., G.J. Edgar and H.L. Snell (eds) Biological Impacts of the Jessica Oil Spill on the Galápagos Environment: Final Report v.1.10. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador. pp42-57. [ PDF: naKb]
Harries, D.B., Moore, C.G., Ware, F.J. (1998) The impact of Sea Empress oil spill on the sandy shore meiofauna of South West Wales. In Edwards, R., Sime, H. (eds.) The Sea Empress oil spill. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Cardiff, 11-13 February 1998. The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. Terence Dalton Publishers, 507 pp.
Lowe, D.M. & Pipe, R.K. (1986) Hydrocarbon exposure in mussels: A quantitative study of the responses in the reproductive and nutrient storage cell systems Aquatic Toxicology 8: 265-272.
Tatem, H. E., Cox, B. A. and Anderson, J. W. (1978) The toxicity of oils and petroelum hydrocarbons to estuarine crustaceans. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 6 (4): 365-373.
Varela, M., Bode, A., Lorenzo, G., Álvarez-Ossorio, M.T., Miranda, A., Patrocinio, T., Anadón, R., Viesca, L., Rodríguez, N., Valdés, L., Cabal, J., Urrutia, A., García-Soto, C., Rodríguez, M., Álvarez-Salgado, X.A. and Groom, S. (2006) The effect of the “Prestige” oil spill on the plankton of the N–NW Spanish coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 53: 272-286.
Edwards, R. & White, I. (no date) The Sea Empress Oil Spill: Environmental Impacts & Recovery. [ PDF: naKb] International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation.
Widdows, J., Donkin, P. and Evans, S.V.(1985) Recovery of Mytilus edulis L. from chronic oil exposure Marine Environmental Research 17:250-253.
General
AMSA (2002) The Effects of Maritime Oil Spills on Wildlife including Non-Avian Marine Life. Australian Maritime Safety Authority website.
Frink, L., Ball-Weir, K. and Smith, C. 1991), Wildlife and Oil Spills. Response, Research, and Contingency Planning. Sheridan Press, Hanover, PA.
IPIECA (2004) A guide to oiled wildlife response planning. [ PDF: naKb]International Petroleum Industry Environment Conservation Association.
Hyland, J. L. and Schneider E. D. (1979) Petroleum hydrocarbons and their effects on marine organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems, p. 463-506 in Sources, Effects & Sinks of Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment, The American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC.
IMO (1997) Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Tropical Waters. International Maritime Organisation, 54p.
Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. (1999) Assessment and rehabilitation of wildlife affected by an oil spill in Puerto Rico. Environmental Pollution, 104 (2): 323-333.
Monahan, T. P. and Maki, A. W. (1991) The Exxon Valdez 1989 wildlife rescue and rehabilitation program, p. 131-136 in Proceedings 1991 International Oil Spill Conference, 4529, American Petroleum Institute, Washington,D.C.
Sánchez, F., Velasco, F., Cartes, J.E., Olaso, I. , Preciado, I. Fanelli, E., Serrano, A. and Gutierrez-Zabala, J.L. (2006) Monitoring the Prestige oil spill impacts on some key species of the Northern Iberian shelf Marine Pollution Bulletin 53:332-34.
UNEP Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway webpage: Effects of Oil on Marine Wildlife.
White, D.J.R. and White, I.C. (2007) Is the oil industry’s tiered preparedness and response approach applicable to oiled wildlife response planning? In Massey, J.G. (ed) Proceedings of the Ninth International Effects of Oil on Wildlife Conference, Monterey, California 2007 Published by the UC Davis Wildlife Health Center Davis, California.
last updated: January 2008