Published on Australian Maritime Safety Authority (https://www.amsa.gov.au)


3. Cost recovery model

3.1 Outputs and business processes of the regulatory charging activities 

3.1.1 Activity outputs 

As described in Section 1.2.1, AMSA’s role is to deliver on seafarer and ship safety, and marine environmental protection through regulation, as well as provide search and rescue capability. The broad outputs and primary activities for all roles are itemised in Table 2, which also notes whether the output is subject to regulatory charging (cost recovery) or not.

Table 2: AMSA’s broad activity output listing 

Activity output 
Primary activities 
Regulatory charging? 
Search and rescue activities and functions 
  • Operating AMSA Response Centre, coordinating maritime and aviation search and rescue. 
  • Providng a ground station and Mission Control Centre for the Cospas Sarsat distress beacon detection system. 
  • Maintaining maritime distress and safety communications services. 
  • Providing dedicated airborne search and rescue services. 
No, funded by government budget appropriations 
Navigational infrastructure 
  • Providing and maintaining a national network of marine aids to navigation (AtoN) and related navigational systems and measures. 
  • Intergovernmental and international engagement to shape and ensure appropriate maritime standards are in place (e.g. for Australia’s obligations under the SOLAS convention and for the provision of AtoN that align with international guidance from IALA). 
Yes 
Environmental marine protection 
  • Managing the National Plan, including crisis preparedness to combat marine environmental emergencies (pollution incidents). 
  • Regulating, monitoring, and coordinating maritime casualty management and emergency towage capability. 
  • Conducting pollution prevention public awareness and education campaigns. 
Yes 
Seafarer and ship safety under Navigation Act 2012 and other Acts 
  • Monitoring compliance with operational standards for ships in Australian waters, under the Act, to ensure their seaworthiness, safety and pollution prevention. 
  • Participating in the development and implementation of national and international marine safety and environment protection standards. 
  • Providing public access to ship safety and environment protection standards and policies. 
  • Administering training standards for seafarers and coastal pilots. 
  • Conducting safety public awareness and education campaigns. 
  • Exercising occupational health and safety inspectorate functions. 
Yes
Marine services under Navigation Act 2012 and ship registration under Shipping Registration Act 1981 
  • Administering certificates of competency for seafarers and coastal pilots. 
  • Conducting inspections, surveys, and audits requested by ship owners or their agents. 
  • Administering Australia’s ship registration system. 
Yes
Marine services under National System for domestic commercial vessels 
  • Assessing applications and issuing approvals and certificates of operation, survey, and competency of near coastal seafarer qualifications. 
  • Assessing applications and issuing approvals for network of accredited marine surveyors. 
  • Assessing applications that request exemptions from the application of the National System, and equivalent means of competency. 
Yes
Seafarer and ship safety under the National System for domestic commercial vessels 
  • Monitoring compliance with standards for the domestic commercial vessel fleet,  
  • Participating in the development and implementation of domestic marine safety and environment protection standards. 
  • Conducting safety awareness and education campaigns for domestic commercial vessel industry. 
No, funded by combination of government budget appropriations and jurisdiction contributions 
Externally funded programs 
  • Externally funded programs sponsored by various government departments for provision of specific maritime related services, predominantly in relation to search and rescue capabilities. 
No, funded by various government departments 

Operational targets of activity outputs are contained in the annual report and performance statements of AMSA’s, which describes the reportable measurements to achieve policy outcomes. A summary of regulatory charging activity non-financial performance measures is in Section 8. 

3.2.1 Business processes 

Levy-based activities 

Levy-based charging activities relate to the provision of statutory regulatory services to a group of individuals or organisations, as opposed to transactional business processes. These regulatory-based business processes are carried out as overall activities that aim to minimise the risks of shipping and pollution incidents and maximise safety of people involved. 

Business processes include provision and maintenance of aids to navigation sites, standard and policy development specifically related to our regulatory functions, managing the National Plan for maritime environmental emergencies, compliance audits, investigations and enforcement, and development and promulgation of educational and advisory material. 

Fee-based activities 

Driven largely by transactional business processes specifically performed for, or at the request of, or on the application of a particular individual or organisation. Fee-based regulatory charging activities support specific regulatory functions to which the fees relate. There is clear and distinct linkage of costs of the business processes to an individual or organisation. 

Generic business processes for AMSA’s fee-based activities include: 

In practice, administrative business procedures for the receipt, review and issue are broadly similar across fee-based charging activities. However, time and effort (and associated costs) for technical assessments and decisions vary between the types of outputs and on the complexity or nature of the application. 

3.2 Costs of regulatory charging activities 

AMSA applies an activity-based costing methodology to determine costs for activity outputs and regulatory charging activities, as depicted in Appendix 2. This holistic methodology allocates all costs to activity outputs based on estimated time and effort, and associated cost drivers. 

3.2.1 Changes in costing model techniques 

In developing the 2021-22 budget, AMSA undertook an activity-based costing and zero-based budget exercise building on the framework developed in 2020-21 that is transparent, defensible, and repeatable. The approach in developing costing models is contained in Appendix 3, including cost drivers, assumptions, and sensitivities. 

AMSA is currently engaged in the next stage of its continuous improvement program by mapping key processes, measuring effective service delivery, and analysing costs through benchmarking direct and overhead activities against industry standards to determine efficiency. This will support the government review of AMSA’s operations and reduce administrative burden and costs to regulated entities, without compromising safety. 

3.2.2 Nature of costs 

The nature and make-up of costs vary considerably across AMSA’s regulatory charging activity groups. For example, for provision and maintenance of aids to navigation there is an extensive capital cost component (depreciation), with consistently high operational maintenance costs, reflecting the hostile environmental conditions in which these assets operate. 

In contrast, compliance and certification activity groups are labour intensive and as such have a high staff cost component. Generally, activities with a large staffing level require a higher proportion of property operating expenditure and ICT overheads compared to activities that have minimal labour inputs. 

3.2.3 Cost categories 

Direct 

Direct costs are those costs directly and clearly attributed to an activity group based on estimations of resource requirements to deliver statutory and regulatory obligations, and include direct operational management support activities – direct costs include employee, suppliers, and depreciation expenditure. 

AMSA business line managers provided direct input in assigning costs to activities, including staff utilisation to achieve operational outcomes validated by estimated time and effort requirements, and supplier costs based on an analysis and nature of expenditure. 

Corporate overheads 

Overheads include property operating expenditure, ICT networking, communication costs, and enabling tasks and processes to support service delivery of AMSA’s activity outputs through provision of corporate services and executive functions. 

Enabling overheads comprise executive, human resources, finance, governance, and general ICT support – accompanying their respective share of property operating expenditure, ICT networking, and communication costs. 

AMSA applies several cost drivers to allocate indirect, support, and corporate overhead costs to direct activity outputs, as detailed in Appendix 3. 

Capital costs 

Depreciation and amortisation is a representation of capital costs, used to determine capital expenditure requirements for replacement and enhancement of assets. Assessed on an asset-by-asset basis to identify the appropriate treatment, where there is a specific direct link depreciation is assigned to that activity group, whereas corporate support related depreciation is assigned to the appropriate overhead classification. 

3.2.4 Cost estimates for 2021-22 

Estimated costs for providing AMSA’s regulatory charging activities, broken down into direct average staffing levels (ASL), and direct, overheads, and capital costs is set out in Table 3.

 Table 3: Breakdown of costs estimates for 2021-22 

Activity output and groups 

Direct 

ASL* 

Direct  

($’000) 

Corporate overheads 

($’000) 

Capital 

($’000) 

Total 

($’000) 

Navigational infrastructure 13.9 22,721 3,973 6,832 33,526 
Provision and maintenance of aids to navigation 8.7 19,005 2,670 6,672 28,347 
Vessel traffic services (ReefVTS) 0.7 2,692 250 10 2,952 
Provision of under keel clearance management 0.7 191 644 100 935 
Standards development 2.0 497 218 26 741 

Other** 

(i.e. native title management, and levy management) 

1.8 336 191 24 551 
Environmental marine protection 14.2 20,863 3,631 1,731 26,225 
National Plan pollution response 13.0 20,675 3,498 1,713 25,886 

Other** 

(i.e. education and engagement, and levy management) 

1.2 188 133 18 339 
Seafarer and ship safety 118.7 34,247 15,941 1,924 52,112 
Compliance 32.0 8,901 3,927 391 13,219 
Standard development 28.4 7,153 3,194 375 10,722 
Integrated operations 16.9 4,617 3,677 229 8,523 
Decision support and intelligence 5.2 4,431 792 64 5,287 
Enforcement 10.6 2,547 1,161 128 3,836 
Education and engagement 9.1 2,176 1,042 127 3,345 
Maritime distress alerting and safety systems 6.8 1,762 995 323 3,080 
Audit and assurance 2.8 751 309 34 1,094 
Ship registration 1.6 736 197 138 1,071 

Other** 

(i.e. certification, qualifications, vessel traffic safety, seafarer safety, exemptions and approvals, and levy management) 

5.3 1,173 647 115 1,935 
Marine services & ship registration 24.0 5,858 3,118 708 9,684 
Certification 7.3 2,124 1,068 352 3,544 
Qualifications 9.6 1,985 1,221 115 3,321 
Audit and assurance 4.6 1,313 569 57 1,939 
Ship registration 2.0 286 211 178 675 
Exemptions and approvals 0.5 150 49 205 
Marine services National System 22.2 5,079 2,984 776 8,839 
Certification 11.7 2,841 1,672 550 5,063 
Qualifications 8.8 2,015 1,140 206 3,361 
Exemptions and approvals 1.7 223 172 20 415 
Total for regulatory charging 193.0 88,768 29,647 11,971 130,386 

*     Direct ASL does not include line manager support, corporate support, nor non-regulatory charging activities (such as search and rescue or National System regulatory function output currently funded by government). 

**     Consists of various activities considered immaterial for reporting purposes. 

3.3 Design of regulatory charges

3.3.1 Charging structure 

Regulating international shipping and domestic commercial vessels and seafarers is a complex undertaking, with a wide variety of vessel types, manning levels, competency prerequisites, handling requirements for various cargoes, operational conditions, and jurisdiction and international obligations. 

AMSA applies a ‘user pays’ principle for regulatory charging activities. The design of AMSA’s regulatory charging activity outputs considers whether the provision of such regulatory activities is to an individual entity (reasonably attributed to that entity), or to a group of entities (provided to commercial shipping industry and broader community) – where the former, fees are charged, whereas the latter involves levies. 

AMSA’s broad charging structure is summarised in Table 4.

 Table 4: Charging structure of regulatory activity outputs 

Activity output Charging mechanism Structure 
Levy-based activities 
Navigational infrastructure Marine Navigation Levy Net registered tonnage – sliding scale 
Environmental marine protection Protection of the Sea Levy Net registered tonnage – linear 
Seafarer and ship safety under Navigation Act 2012 and other Acts Regulatory Function Levy Net registered tonnage – sliding scale 
Fee-based activities 
Marine services under Navigation Act 2012 and ship registration 

Fee Determination 

(fee-based activities) 

Direct (fixed) fee or hourly rate 
Marine services under National System 

National Law Regulation 

(fee-based activities) 

Direct (fixed) fee or hourly rate 

 

Levy-based activities 

AMSA’s methodology for charging levies is derived from historical predecessors, as well as international standards where banding by tonnage is considered common practice for the commercial shipping industry. Levy rates within these bands, are adjusted periodically to address shortfalls or imbalances, with the last change occurring in 2014-15. 

International commercial vessels are liable for levies on either (1) the date of arrival to an Australian port, or (2) where the vessel is in Australian waters with no corresponding paid levy applicable for the previous three months, the day after the end of that period. For Australian coastal trading vessels, unless the vessel is out-of-service, levies are payable at the start of each quarter. 

The average number of port visits during each levy payment period (three months) varies depending on the vessel type and handling of cargoes, with bulk cargo vessels averaging around one to two visits per levy payment period and container ships around five to six. 

The commercial shipping industry pays levies on non-exempted vessels6 that are twenty-four metres or more in tonnage length, with the rate based on a vessel’s net registered tonnage, with environmental marine protection activity output charged on vessels that also carry ten or more tonnes of oil on board7, with a minimum amount payable of $10. AMSA’s levy ready reckoner is in Table 5.

Table 5: AMSA’s levy ready reckoner

 Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) 
From: 5,001 20,001 50,001 
To: 5,000 20,000 50,000 ∞ 
Levy* Cents per NRT Cents per NRT Cents per NRT Cents per NRT 
Marine Navigation Levy  23.50 12.00 7.00 2.50 
Regulatory Function Levy 17.00 17.10 17.00 15.50 
Protection of the Sea Levy 11.25 11.25 11.25 11.25 
Levy calculation method 51.75c for each tonne $2,587.50 plus 40.35c for each tonne over 5,000 $8,640.00 plus 35.25c for each tonne over 20,000 $19,215.00 plus 29.25c each tonne over 50,000 

 

The majority of vessel types visiting Australia continue to be bulk cargo carriers, with iron ore and coal vessels contributing ~67% of total net tonnage – which indicates a heavy reliance on iron ore and coal exports. 

Despite the steady increase in the quantity and size of international ships visiting Australian ports, shipping usage for aids to navigation, demand for inspections, and other regulatory functions is largely influenced by externalities that may impact volumes year-on-year. These are largely outside the control of AMSA, including the COVID-19 pandemic, potential trade disputes, economic disruptions, and the changing climate. 

In relation to environmental marine protection, given the nature and purpose of this activity, it is not possible to ascertain when a marine environmental emergency will occur. When an incident does occur, costs of clean-up operations and financial commitments can be enormous, with legal proceedings often taking years to conclude. While international compensation regimes are generally highly effective, the cost of responding to an incident can exceed the available liability and compensation limits. From evidence of significant incidents overseas, governments have had to bear the shortfall, which can be many hundreds of millions of dollars. 

These factors mean that any projections of expected growth (or reductions) in demand for regulatory charging activities must consider complex relationships within the commercial shipping industry. AMSA is continuing to develop and rollout risk-based models to provide better insights into the linkage between the level of regulation effort to cost recovered revenue from industry.  

Fee-based activities 

Fee-based activities include, assessment of applications, exemptions and determinations, inspections and surveys, registration of vessels, conducting examinations, and accreditation of non-government service providers. 

AMSA applies fixed fees to regulatory charging fee-based activities where the range of typical delivery times do not vary significantly from the standard average time. Where there are wide variations, indicated by significant divergences from the standard deviation, the basis of the relevant charge is an hourly rate, and any reasonable unavoidable travel costs. These travel costs may be flights and accommodation, where provision of services are at locations remote from AMSA’s regional offices8, or motor vehicle travel rates where vehicles are used for the mode of transportation to and from offices9

Marine services and ship registration is tracked using multiple systems, including a Coastal Pilotage System, International Marine Qualifications System, NAVIS (ship registration), MARS (domestic commercial vessels), and Financial Management Information System. Volumes are estimated based on inputs provided by business line managers during the budget development process, using largely historical data obtained from these various systems, and adjusted for expected variances. 

A schedule of fee-based regulatory charging activities, separated into fees under the Navigation Act 2012 and fees under National System, is included in Appendix 4. Charging rates are published on AMSA’s website

3.3.2 Revenue estimates 

Revenue estimates budget, and the three forward year estimates are summarised in Table 6

Table 6: Revenue estimates 

 Budget Forward Year Estimates 
Activity outputs 

2021-22 

($’000) 

2022-23 

($’000) 

2023-24 

($’000) 

2024-25 

($000) 

Levy-based activities 
Navigational infrastructure 36,226 36,625 37,000 37,375 
Environmental marine protection 36,379 36,725 37,100 37,475 
Seafarer and ship safety 54,595 55,150 55,700 56,250 
Total levy-based activities 127,200 128,500 129,800 131,300 
     
Fee-based activities  
Fees under Navigation Act 2012 and Shipping Registration Act 1981 3,885 3,885 3,885 3,885 
Fees for National System 3,805 3,805 3,805 3,805 
Total fee-based activities  7,690 7,690 7,690 7,690 
      
Total regulatory charging  134,890 136,190 137,490 138,790 

3.3.3 COVID-19 disruptions and bushfire relief 

In 2020-21, AMSA committed to the continuation of providing relief to the domestic commercial industry and seafarers from natural disaster disruptions, such as the 2019-20 bushfires, and COVID-19 pandemic. As part of this commitment, AMSA has implemented: 

3.3.4 Review of charging structures 

AMSA is engaged in a comprehensive all-inclusive review of its regulatory charging activities, structures and rates in anticipation of the government review. The following specific items are planned to be assessed over the next twenty-four months: 

AMSA will engage widely and extensively with stakeholders once the government review commences, providing opportunities for feedback on any proposed changes, with provisions to address industry concerns. A stakeholder engagement strategy will be prepared for each consultation. 

Footnotes

Anchor6 There is a list of exemptions contained in the Marine Navigation Levy Collection Regulations 2018Marine Navigation (Regulatory functions) Levy Collection Act 1991, and Protection of the Sea (Shipping Levy) Regulation 2014.

Anchor7 There will be situations where vessels exempted from both the Marine Navigation Levy and Regulatory Function Levy may be liable for the Protection of the Sea Levy. Generally, these vessels include fishing, religious charitable, non-for-profit organisation, or research vessels.

Anchor8 Given the various locations of AMSA offices, these costs will generally be limited.

9 Defined as more than twenty-five (25) kilometres from an AMSA office, the charge is based on a per kilometre basis specified by the Australian Taxation Office business use rates.